Fatores associados às práticas assistenciais ao recém-nascido na sala de parto / Factors associated with care practices for newborns in the delivery room

RESUMO Objetivo identificar os fatores associados às práticas assistenciais ao recém-nascido adotadas na sala de parto de uma maternidade na baixada litorânea do Rio de Janeiro. Método estudo transversal, realizado em instituição pública no estado Rio de Janeiro, mediante coleta de dados em prontuários de nascimentos entre 2015 e 2017. Na associação entre variáveis, adotou-se o Teste Qui-Quadrado e a regressão logística. Resultados entre 351 (100,0%) prontuários, constituíram-se como práticas realizadas na sala de parto: contato pele a pele e aleitamento materno precoce (28,0%); secagem (92,3%); aspiração oronasofaríngea (82,1%); aspiração gástrica (52,7%); aspiração traqueal (12,2%); oxigênio inalatório (7,7%); e encaminhamento ao Alojamento Conjunto (91,1%). O contato precoce com o seio materno esteve associado ao tipo de parto (p=0,043) e às alterações no exame físico (p=0,001). Possuir alterações no exame físico ao nascimento diminuiu significativamente as chances de o bebê ser colocado nessa posição ainda na sala de parto (p=0,001) assim como os recém-nascidos de parto cesáreo (p=0,045). Nascer de cesárea aumentou duas vezes as chances de o recém-nascido ser submetido à aspiração gástrica (p=0,002). Conclusão e implicações para a prática é premente organizar as rotinas dos serviços, de modo a evitar intervenções desnecessárias visando uma atenção obstétrica e neonatal humanizada e de qualidade.

ABSTRACT Objective to identify the factors associated with newborn care practices adopted in the delivery room of a maternity hospital in the coastal lowlands of Rio de Janeiro. Method a cross-sectional was study carried out in a public institution in the state of Rio de Janeiro using data collected from birth records between 2015 and 2017. The chi-square test and logistic regression were adopted to associate the variables. Results among 351 (100.0%) medical records, the following constituted practices performed in the delivery room: skin-to-skin contact and early breastfeeding (28.0%); drying (92.3%); oronasopharyngeal aspiration (82.1%); gastric aspiration (52.7%); tracheal aspiration (12.2%); inhaled oxygen (7.7%); and rooming-in referral (91.1%). Early breastfeeding was associated with the type of delivery (p=0.043) and changes in physical examination (p=0.001). Changes in the physical examination at birth significantly decreased the chances of babies being placed in this position while still in the delivery room (p=0.001), as well as newborns delivered by cesarean section (p=0.045). Being born by cesarean section increased the chances of newborns being submitted to gastric aspiration twice (p=0.002). Conclusion and implications for practice it is urgent to organize the routines of services in order to avoid unnecessary interventions aiming at humanized and quality obstetric and neonatal care.

Good practices in normal childbirth: reliability analysis of an instrument by Cronbach's Alpha / Boas práticas no parto normal: análise da confiabilidade de um instrumento pelo Alfa de Cronbach / Buenas prácticas en el parto normal: análisis de la confiabilidad de un instrumento por el Alfa de Cronbach

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the internal consistency of the evaluation instrument of the adherence to the good practices of childbirth and birth care in the professionals, through Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient for each of the dimensions and for the total instrument. Method: this is a descriptive and cross-sectional study performed in obstetric centers of eleven public hospitals in the Federal District, with a questionnaire applied to 261 professionals who worked in the delivery care. Results: The study was attended by 261 professionals, 42.5% (111) nurses and 57.5% (150) physicians. The reliability evaluation of the instrument by the Cronbach Alfa resulted in 0.53, 0.78 and 0.76 for dimensions 1, 2 and 3, after debugging that resulted in the exclusion of 11 items. Conclusions: the instrument obtained Cronbach's alpha of 0.80. There is a need for improvement in the items of dimension 1 that refer to attitudes, knowledge, and practices of the organization of the network of care to gestation, childbirth, and birth. However, it can be applied in the way it is used to evaluate practices based on scientific evidence of childbirth care.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a consistência interna do instrumento de avaliação da adesão dos profissionais às boas práticas de atenção ao parto e nascimento por meio do Coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach para cada uma das dimensões e para o instrumento total. Método: estudo descritivo e transversal, realizado em centros obstétricos de onze hospitais públicos do Distrito Federal, com aplicação de questionário a 261 profissionais que atuavam na atenção ao parto. Resultados: participaram do estudo 261 profissionais, sendo 42,5% (111) enfermeiros e 57,5% (150) médicos. A avaliação da confiabilidade do instrumento pelo Alfa de Conbrach resultou em 0,53, 0,78 e 0,76 para as dimensões 1, 2 e 3, após depurações que resultarama na exclusão de 11 itens. Conclusões: o instrumento obteve Alfa de Cronbach de 0,80. Há necessidade de aperfeiçoamento nos itens da dimensão 1 que se referem a atitudes, conhecimentos e práticas de organização da rede de atenção à gestação, parto e nascimento. Todavia, pode ser aplicado na forma como está para avaliação das práticas baseadas em evidências científicas de atenção ao parto.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la consistencia interna del instrumento de evaluación de la adhesión de los profesionales a las buenas prácticas de atención al parto y nacimiento, por medio del Coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach para cada una de las dimensiones y para el instrumento total. Método: estudio descriptivo y transversal, realizado en centros obstétricos de once hospitales públicos del Distrito Federal, con aplicación de cuestionario a 261 profesionales que actuaban en la atención al parto. Resultados: Participaron del estudio 261 profesionales, siendo 42,5% (111) enfermeros y 57,5% (150) médicos. La evaluación de la confiabilidad del instrumento por el Alfa de Conbach resultó en 0,53, 0,78 y 0,76 para las dimensiones 1, 2 y 3, después de depuraciones que resultaron en la exclusión de 11 ítems. Conclusiones: el instrumento obtuvo Alfa de Cronbach de 0,80. Hay necesidad de perfeccioamiento en los ítems de la dimensión 1 que se refieren a actitudes, conocimientos y prácticas de organización de la red de atención a la gestación, parto y nacimiento. Todavía puede ser aplicado en la forma como está para evaluación de las prácticas basadas en evidencias científicas de atención al parto.

Percepções do acompanhante de escolha da mulher acerca da organização e ambiência do centro obstétrico / La percepción del acompañante de elección de la mujer acerca de laorganización y el ambiente del centro obstétrico / Perceptions from the delivering women’s chosen companion concerning the obstetrics ward organization and ambience

Objective: Descriptive research, with a qualitative approach, aiming to know the companion’s perceptions about the organization and ambience of the obstetrical center, and to identify which aspects facilitate and make difficult their stay. Method: Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 companions chosen by delivering women from November 2010 to May 2011, in a public maternity in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Results: Using Collective Subject Discourse in analyzing the data, the following four themes emerged: orientation about norms and routines supplied to the companion before entering the obstetrics ward; obstetrics ward ambience; aspects which facilitate staying; and difficulties surrounding staying in the obstetrics ward. Conclusion: although some difficulties were faced, especially resulting from the lack of orientation and inappropriate accommodation of the companion, they were not obstacles to their permanence by the delivering woman’s side.

Objetivo: Pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa, que objetivou conhecer as percepções do acompanhante sobre a organização e a ambiência do centro obstétrico, e identificar quais aspectos facilitam e dificultam sua permanência. Método: Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas de novembro de 2010 a maio de 2011, em uma maternidade pública de Santa Catarina, com 16 acompanhantes de escolha da mulher. Resultados: A partir da análise dos dados, utilizando-se o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, emergiram quatro temas: orientações sobre as normas e rotinas recebidas pelo acompanhante antes de entrar no centro obstétrico; ambiência do centro obstétrico; aspectos que facilitaram a permanência do acompanhante no centro obstétrico; e aspectos que dificultaram. Conclusão: Apesar de algumas dificuldades enfrentadas, especialmente decorrentes da falta de orientação e da acomodação inapropriada para o acompanhante, de maneira geral, elas não se tornaram obstáculos para a permanência junto à parturiente.

Objetivo: Investigación descriptiva y cualitativa para conocer las percepciones de los acompañantes sobre la organización y ambiente del centro de obstetricia, determinar qué aspectos facilitan/dificultan su permanencia. Método: La recolección de datos se hizo por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas con dieciséis acompañantes elegidos por la mujer, de noviembre de 2010 a mayo de 2011, en una maternidad pública de Santa Catarina. Resultados: El análisis de datos, por medio del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo, llevó a cuatro temas: orientaciones sobre las reglas y rutinas recibidas por el acompañante antes de entrar al centro obstétrico; el ambiente del centro obstétrico; los factores que facilitaron la permanencia del acompañante en ese centro; y factores que obstaculizaron la permanencia del acompañante en ese centro. Conclusión: A pesar de las dificultades enfrentadas, debido la falta de orientación y el alojamiento inadecuado para el acompañante, esas dificultades no se convirtieron en obstáculos para su permanencia con la parturienta.

Luxación congénita de cadera: displasia evolutiva de la cadera (DEC) / Congenital dislocation of the hip: developmental displasia of the hip

The change of denomination of congenital hip luxation for evolutionary hip displasia is defined and explained, it incluyes luxation, subluxation and hip instability. The frequencies of this pathology in the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile is reported. The finds of significant major frequency in female newborn children, breech presentation and left hip are communicated. Thefamily base of this pathology is confirmed. The recommendations of the experts’ Committee of the American Academy of pediatrics and those of the health department of Chile are given. It is emphasized that the diagnosis must be as precocious as possible and that the best method of diagnosis is Ortolani’s or Barlow maneuver, done by a professional of experience. It is indicated the oportunity in which the ultrasound scan and the hip X-ray must be done, also the recommended treatment. The use of the double diaper is scorned and its possible sequels arecommented.

Obstetrics in Iraq between reality and hopes for the future

The science of obstetrics had far advanced during the 20[th] century in terms of decreasing maternal mortality rates [MMR] and perintatal mortality rates [PN MR]. This was at the expense of increasing cesarean section rates. Nevertheless when cesarean section rates exceeded 25% during the eighties of last century people started to think why and started working to decrease this level. In Iraq we have increasing rates of C.S [C.S.R] in addition to high maternal and perinatal mortality rates. We have to ask ourselves why and what is wrong with our obstetric practice.To summarize: 1- Labor rooms in major obstetric hospitals lack facilities for observation and follow up of high risk pregnancies and deliveries like cardiotochographs and fetal PH estimation devices rendering these rooms similar to what a home birth attendant has gloves, 20[th] century sonicaid. 2- The Ex-system that used to pay the obstetrician for cesarean section and not for vaginal birth, that led many obstetricians to harvest cesarean section from labor rooms. 3- Senior house officers spend their first year of training in rural hospitals, which have no facilities to learn scientific obstetrics. 4- Lack of evaluation of residents in obstetrics and poor economic states that led many of them to seek other jobs to improve their income. 5- Lack of training programs in obstetric emergencies and neonatal resuscitation and many residents are faced with these emergencies [Live] in the labor room for the first time. 6- Home birth attendants interfere and exceed their limitation like early rupturing of membranes before labor and oxytocin injection. 7- Private hospitals again have the same facilities of government hospitals [gloves, sonicaid and cesarean section]. Now what are the suggested solutions? 1-Improve labor room facilities in major central hospitals in Baghdad and governorates and until then senior house officers should not waste their first year of training residency in rural hospitals. One can benefit from services of doctors serving their obligatory rural areas to run these labor rooms until improvement of these rural hospitals. 2- Allow a system of overlap between first and second year residents in obstetrics in central hospitals so as not leave a gap where no resident is present in hospitals. 3-Try to decrease cesarean section rates by first counting the total rate then correct the rate against non- preventable sections point out cases where one can decrease the rate through them and discuss these cases through peer review. Count cesarean section rates for every senior obstetrician. 4-Establish training programs for obstetric risk assessment and emergency management which should be obligatory to all those training and practicing obstetrics and put these programs under testing in terms of decreasing PN MR and MMR. 5- Rules should be put and strictly applied to manage home- birth- attendants who exceed their limitations and make complications in terms of morbidity and mortality

Reasons for Zahedan's women for not referring to delivery ward for child delivery

Maternal and infantile mortality are important health indicators of every society due to pregnancy incidents. Maternal and infant mortality and also neonatal tetanus incidents have direct relation with delivery condition. Neonatal tetanus and mortality among mothers and newborns have direct relation with delivery in non-hygienic condition. Non-hygienic delivery rate is very high in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Even in the city of Zahedan with a population of 450000, where as access to maternity hospital is possible for all residents of this city, 50-60% deliveries take place at home. In this study, the reasons of women were investigated for not referring to maternity hospital for delivery. The method of research was case control. Case group was selected from those women whose last deliveries had not taken place in maternity hospital and referred to health centers to vaccinate their children [no. 482]. Control group was selected randomly among women who referred to hospital to give birth [no. 198]. Hospital's high fee [38%], easy delivery at home [19%], fear from cesarean and drugs adverse reaction [13%] were the most prevalent reason for not giving birth at hospital. Employment and literacy rates of those women who had given birth at home were lower than control group. They were mainly from Suni and Baluch ethnic. In order to minimize the cultural barriers of referring to maternal hospital, we advise the respectful officers, to make insurance public, lower the treatments fee, held training programs and provide hygienic conditions with low cost for out of hospital deliveries

Seguridad en la sala de partos / Security in the labor room

Los riesgos laborales de los profesionales sanitarios que trabajan en la sala de partos pueden ser infecciosos, químicos, radioactivos y ambientales. Para prevenirlos se debe desarrollar un amplio programa que elimine las condiciones inseguras en relación con las personas, el medio ambiente y el equipamiento e instrumental. Sin embargo para que las medidas sean realmente efectivas se debe llevar a cabo un programa de educación sanitaria para que el personal tome conciencia de los riesgos que corre y de la importancia de cumplir con las indicaciones que se les imparten

¿Quién cuida de las mujeres...? El VHI/SIDA en la atención pública de la salud. Síntesis de investigación / Who looks after the women...? The HIV/AIDS in the public care of health. Research summary

Con el objetivo de indagar acerca de las nociones de maternidad y de sida en el personal de salud que atiende a pacientes embarazadas infectadas con vih/sida que solicitan atención obbstétrica en los consultorios externos, se realizó una investigación antropológica en hospitales muncipales de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. A través de una metodología cualitativa basada en la observación y en las entrevistas semiestructurales, se llevó a cabo una investigación exploratoria que permitió identificar problemas en la atención cotidiana a las pacientes en los servicios de obstetricia e infectología en un hospital polivalente y una maternidad municipal.

Normas y procedimientos de consulta externa 1995 / Norm and proceedings of extern consult 1995

En la actualidad el servicio de consultorio externo está constituido por la atención del consultorio prenatal y del consultorio de post-natal, planificación hay atención en ginecologia. Existe de los medios auxiliares de diagnóstico y tratamiento (laboratorio, farmacia, banco de sangre, patología, ecografía) lo que permite una óptima atención a la paciente que acuden a la maternidad